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Climate of Antarctica
The Climate of Antarctica is the coldest on Earth. Antarctica's lowest air temperature record was set on 21 July 1983, with −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station.〔(The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors ), Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, American Geophysical Union fall meeting, 9 December 2013.〕 Satellite measurements have identified even lower temperatures, down to −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) at the cloud free East Antarctic Plateau.〔(Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite ), Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.〕 It is also extremely dry (technically a desert), averaging 166mm (6.5 in) of precipitation per year. On most parts of the continent the snow rarely melts and is eventually compressed to become the glacier ice that makes up the ice sheet. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, because of the Katabatic winds. Most of Antarctica has an ice cap climate (Köppen ''EF'') with very cold, generally extremely dry weather.
==Temperature==
The lowest reliably measured temperature of a continuously occupied station on Earth of was on 21 July 1983 at Vostok Station.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=World: Lowest Temperature - ASU World Meteorological Organization )〕 For comparison, this is colder than subliming dry ice (at sea level pressure). The altitude of the location is .
The lowest recorded temperature of any location on Earth's surface was at , which is on an unnamed Antarctic plateau between Dome A and Dome F, on August 10, 2010. The temperature was deduced from radiance measured by the Landsat 8 satellite, and discovered during a National Snow and Ice Data Center review of stored data in December, 2013. This temperature is not directly comparable to the -89.2 quoted above, since it is a skin temperature deduced from satellite-measured upwelling radiance, rather than a thermometer-measured temperature of the air above the ground surface.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Antarctica was at Hope Bay on 24 March 2015.〔http://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=88963&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2015&mes=03&day=25&hora=00〕 There are reservations about this value.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Weather Extremes : Possible New Continental Heat Record for Antarctica - Weather Underground )〕 The mean annual temperature of the interior is . The coast is warmer. Monthly means at McMurdo Station range from in August to in January.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Antarctica Climate data and graphs, South Pole, McMurdo and Vostok )〕 At the South Pole, the highest temperature ever recorded was on 25 December 2011. Along the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures as high as have been recorded, though the summer temperature is below most of the time. Severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean. East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation. The Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate. Higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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